In conclusion, the hybrid integration of photonic resources by having an LN film is a powerful strategy for integrated photonics which can stay away from the etching of LN. On the other hand, regardless of whether the LN film functions for a leading cladding or even a substrate, the transition https://lithium-niobate-crystal81246.thezenweb.com/lithium-niobate-crystal-things-to-know-before-you-buy-70457614